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Medical nihilism is the view that we should have little confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions. This work argues that medical nihilism is a compelling view of modern medicine. If we consider the frequency of failed medical interventions, the extent of misleading evidence in medical research, the thin theoretical basis of many interventions, and the malleability of empirical methods in medicine, and if we employ our best inductive framework, then our confidence in the effectiveness of medical interventions ought to be low.

Philosophy of science --- Professional ethics. Deontology --- Human medicine --- Philosophy, Medical. --- Outcome Assessment (Health Care). --- Psychological Theory. --- Biomedical Research. --- Medicalization. --- Medicine --- Nihilism (Philosophy). --- Evaluation. --- Forschung. --- Medizin. --- Medizinische Ethik. --- Nihilismus. --- Therapie. --- Philosophy. --- Research --- Health Workforce --- Research.

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Weltweit wurden bereits über 70 000 Patienten mit einer tiefen Hirnstimulation ('Hirnschrittmacher') behandelt. Diese Art der Therapie wird vor allem bei Parkinson sehr erfolgreich angewendet, experimentell kommt sie auch bei Depressionen, Epilepsie, Zwangsstörungen und Cluster-Kopfschmerzen zum Einsatz. Bei einem Teil der Patienten lassen sich jedoch Persönlichkeitsveränderungen beobachten, die von Apathie, Halluzinationen und Depressionen bis zu Leichtsinn, Kleptomanie und dem Verlust moralischer Urteilsfähigkeit reichen. Die tiefe Hirnstimulation soll den Zustand eines Patienten verändern – doch welche Veränderung betrachten er und seine Umgebung als erwünscht, welche Veränderungen der Persönlichkeit erscheinen als vertretbar? Welches Verständnis von Persönlichkeit, Identität oder Personalität liegen diesen Einschätzungen und Wertungen zugrunde? Und: Müssen wir entsprechende philosophische Konzeptionen durch die Erfahrungen mit Eingriffen in das Gehirn neu denken? Vor welche ethischen und anthropologischen Herausforderungen stellt uns dies? Mit diesen und weiteren interdisziplinären Fragen Setzen sich in diesem Band Expertinnen und Experten aus den Bereichen der Medizin, Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Soziologie, Philosophie und Theologie auseinander.

Brain stimulation --- Brain --- Neurosciences --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- Hirnstimulation. --- Medizinische Ethik. --- Persönlichkeitsveränderung. --- Brain stimulation. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Cerebrum --- Mind --- Central nervous system --- Head --- Intracranial stimulation --- Stimulation of the brain --- Neural stimulation --- Business economics --- Economics --- Industrial management --- Management --- Microeconomics --- Therapeutic use --- Diseases --- Treatment --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Business Ethics. --- Treatment. --- Therapeutic use. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Localization of functions

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Understanding the significance of genetic factors for our lives requires an analysis that goes beyond biological aspects. It is especially necessary to take into account how human beings relate to others and to themselves. Who we are is a result of social action and the ways in which human beings constitute themselves as subjects. Seen from this perspective, genetic medicine is a social practice that shapes how we think about us, how we conduct our behaviour and how we care for our children. This book scrutinises practices by which individuals become knowledgeable about their genes and constitute them as responsible decision makers. Besprochen in: Gen-ethischer Informationsdienst, 245 (2018)

Science --- Identity (Philosophical concept) --- Identity --- Philosophy --- Comparison (Philosophy) --- Resemblance (Philosophy) --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Social aspects. --- Bioethical Issues. --- Genetic Privacy. --- Genetic Research. --- Genetic engineering. --- Genetics --- Genetics, Medical. --- Genomics --- Gentechnologie. --- Medical genetics. --- Medizinische Ethik. --- Medizinsoziologie. --- Mensch. --- Soziales Handeln. --- Subjekt --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Ethics. --- Genetic Medicine; Science and Technology Studies; Subjectivisation; Genomics; ELSA (Ethical; Legal; And Social Aspects of Genomics); Identity; Medicine; Body; Science; Sociology of Science; Sociology of Medicine; Sociology --- And Social Aspects of Genomics). --- Body. --- ELSA (Ethical. --- Genomics. --- Identity. --- Legal. --- Medicine. --- Science and Technology Studies. --- Science. --- Sociology of Medicine. --- Sociology of Science. --- Sociology. --- Subjectivisation.

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Recent decades have witnessed profound shifts in the politics of medicine and the biological sciences. Members of several professions, including philosophers, lawyers and social scientists, now discuss and help regulate issues that were once left to doctors and scientists, in a form of outside involvement known as ‘bioethics’. The making of British bioethics provides the first in-depth study of the growing demand for this outside involvement in Britain, where bioethicists have become renowned and influential ‘ethics experts’. The book moves beyond existing histories, which often claim that bioethics arose in response to questions surrounding new procedures such as in vitro fertilisation. It shows instead that British bioethics emerged thanks to a dynamic interplay between changing sociopolitical concerns and the aims of specific professional groups and individuals. Highlighting this interplay has important implications for our understanding of how issues such as embryo experiments, animal research and assisted dying became high profile ‘bioethical’ concerns in late twentieth century Britain. And it also helps us appreciate how various individuals and groups intervened in and helped create the demand for bioethics, playing a major role in their transformation into ‘ethics experts’. The making of British bioethics draws on a wide range of materials, including government archives, popular sources, professional journals, and original interviews with bioethicists and politicians. It is clearly written and will appeal to historians of medicine and science, general historians, bioethicists, and anyone interested in what the emergence of bioethics means for our notions of health, illness and morality.

Bioethics --- Ethics --- Humanities --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Care --- History --- Bioethical Issues --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biology - General --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- Biomedical ethics --- Life sciences --- Life sciences ethics --- Bioethical Issue --- Issue, Bioethical --- Issues, Bioethical --- Aspects, Historical --- Historical Aspects --- Aspect, Historical --- Historical Aspect --- Histories --- Biomedical Ethics --- Health Care Ethics --- Ethics, Biomedical --- Ethics, Health Care --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Censorship, Research --- Science --- Euthanasia --- Human Experimentation --- Patient Rights --- Animal Experimentation --- Ethics, Medical --- Ethicists --- History. --- Medizinische Ethik. --- Biomedizin. --- Bioethics. --- Bioethical Issues. --- history. --- Grossbritannien. --- Great Britain. --- Medizin --- Ärztliche Ethik --- Klinische Ethik --- Ärztliches Ethos --- Arzt --- Heilberuf --- Medizinethik --- Wissenschaftsethik --- Angewandte Ethik --- Bioethik --- Ethik --- Ethos --- Anglia --- Angliyah --- Briṭanyah --- England and Wales --- Förenade kungariket --- Grã-Bretanha --- Grande-Bretagne --- Grossbritannien --- Igirisu --- Iso-Britannia --- Marea Britanie --- Nagy-Britannia --- Prydain Fawr --- Royaume-Uni --- Saharātchaʻānāčhak --- Storbritannien --- United Kingdom --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland --- Velikobritanii͡ --- Wielka Brytania --- Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta --- Northern Ireland --- Scotland --- Wales --- Vereinigtes Königreich von Großbritannien und Nordirland --- Großbritannien und Nordirland --- England --- UK --- Angleterre --- Brīṭāniyā al-ʿUẓmā --- Brīṭāniya 'l-ʿUẓmā --- Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland --- Great Britain --- Grande Bretagne --- British Isles --- Gran Bretagna --- U.K. --- GB --- British Empire --- Britisches Reich --- Briten --- Schottland --- Commonwealth --- 1707 --- -Medizinische Ethik. --- Velikobritanii︠a︡ --- בריטניה --- イギリス --- Medicine. --- Medicine: general issues. --- History of medicine. --- MEDICAL / History. --- Briṭena --- British bioethics. --- British universities. --- Ian Kennedy. --- Ian Ramsey. --- Mary Warnock. --- assisted dying. --- bioethics committee. --- club regulation. --- embryo research. --- external oversight. --- in vitro fertilisation. --- transdisciplinary groups.

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National, European and international concepts and strategies concerning the legal and ethical framework of chimera and hybrid research are still largely missing, even though they are absolutely necessary in order to use the potential of chimera and hybrid research effectively and efficiently for the benefit of science and society. The outcome of the CHIMBRIDS-Project successfully sheds light on the chances and risks of this research and provides legal solutions to existing problems in order to help decision-makers fulfil their tasks in an informed and efficient manner. This comprehensive volume details the complete results, contributed by 40 scholars from 10 member states of the European Union, Canada, China, Israel, Japan, Switzerland and the US, with descriptive reports of the legal situation in specific countries and in-depth analysis of all scientific, medical, ethical and legal implications of chimera and hybrid research.

CHIMBRIDS-project. --- Genetic engineering --Research. --- Mosaicism --Research. --- Transgenic animals --Research. --- Mosaicism --- Transgenic animals --- Genetic engineering --- Internationality --- Animals, Genetically Modified --- Chimera --- Ethics, Research --- Biomedical Research --- Genetic Engineering --- Research --- Ethics --- Organism Forms --- Plants --- Organisms, Genetically Modified --- Animal Population Groups --- Genetic Techniques --- Social Sciences --- Humanities --- Investigative Techniques --- Animals --- Science --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Eukaryota --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Organisms --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Genetics --- Sciences - General --- Law, General & Comparative --- Law, Politics & Government --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Chimeras (Botany) --- Transgenic animals. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Chimeras, Plant --- Plant chimaeras --- Plant chimeras --- Research ethics --- Chimeras and Hybrids in Comparative European and International Research (project) --- Law. --- Ethics. --- Transgenic organisms. --- Law --- Private international law. --- Conflict of laws. --- International law. --- Comparative law. --- Medical laws and legislation. --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law. --- Medical Law. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- Transgenics. --- Philosophy. --- Law, Medical --- Medical personnel --- Medical registration and examination --- Medicine --- Physicians --- Surgeons --- Medical policy --- Medical jurisprudence --- Comparative jurisprudence --- Comparative legislation --- Jurisprudence, Comparative --- Law, Comparative --- Legislation, Comparative --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Choice of law --- Conflict of laws --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Legal polycentricity --- Jurisprudence --- Genetically engineered organisms --- Genetically modified organisms --- GEOs (Genetically engineered organisms) --- GMOs (Genetically modified organisms) --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law and legislation --- Civil law --- Transgenic organisms --- Animal genetic engineering --- Botany --- Chimerism --- Plant genetics --- Public health laws. --- Private International Law, International & Foreign Law, Comparative Law . --- Communicable diseases --- Public health --- Medical laws and legislation --- Law—Philosophy. --- Europäische Union --- Mensch --- Chimäre --- Tiere --- Medizinische Ethik --- Recht. --- Hybride